Learning from combination HIV prevention programmes to face COVID-19 emerging pandemic
Abstract
Before a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 became available, several measures to control COVID-19 pandemic are necessary. Analogously, in the absence of an available vaccine, Combination HIV Prevention Programmes have consolidated a large experience of biomedical, behavioral and structural interventions suitable for several epidemiological settings. Adaptation of such experiences can organize mid-term and long-term responses to face COVID-19
Authors
Downloads
Keywords
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus
- SARS Virus
- Condoms
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
- Pandemics
- Asymptomatic Infections
- Personal Protective Equipment
- severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
- Immunization
- VIH
References
Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Klinkenberg D, Hollingsworth TD. How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? Lancet [Internet]. março de 2020;395(10228):931-4. Available at: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673620305675 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5
Pueyo T. Coronavirus: The Hammer and the Dance. Medium [Internet]. 2020 [citado 5 de abril de 2020]; Available at: https://medium.com/@tomaspueyo/coronavirus-the-hammer-and-the-dance-be9337092b56
Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, McMahan V, Liu AY, Vargas L, et al. Preexposure Chemoprophylaxis for HIV Prevention in Men Who Have Sex with Men. N Engl J Med. 2010;
Bryant J, Baxter L, Hird S. Non-occupational postexposure prophylaxis for HIV: A systematic review. Health Technology Assessment. 2009. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta13140
Nilo F. Gerenciamento de risco em tempos de novas tecnologias de prevenção na perspectiva de direitos humanos. Bol ABIA [Internet]. 2015;60:8-18. Available at: http://abiaids.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/BOLETIM_ABIA_60_site.pdf
UNAIDS. Combinat ion HIV Prevention: Tailoring and Coordinat ing Biomedical, Behavioural and Struct ural Strategies to Reduce New HIV Infections. Unaids. 2010;
UNAIDS UNP on H. Combination HIV Prevention: Tailoring and Coordinating Biomedical, Behavioural and Structural Strategies 10 to Reduce New HIV Infections. 2010; Available at: http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/JC2007_Combination_Prevention_paper_en_0.pdf
PAHO PAHOJ, UNAIDS UNP on H. HIV Prevention in the Spotlight: An Analysis from the Perspective of the Health Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2017 [Internet]. 2017. p. 88. Available at: http://iris.paho.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/34381/9789275119792-eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y
Thienkrua W, Todd CS, Chaikummao S, Sukwicha W, Yafant S, Tippanont N, et al. Lubricant Use Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Reporting Anal Intercourse in Bangkok, Thailand: Impact of HIV Status and Implications for Prevention. J Homosex [Internet]. 2 de abril de 2016;63(4):507-21. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00918369.2015.1088319 https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2015.1088319 PMID:26322804
Gorbach PM, Manhart LE, Hess KL, Stoner BP, Martin DH, Holmes KK. Anal intercourse among young heterosexuals in three sexually transmitted disease clinics in the united states. Sex Transm Dis. 2009; https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181901ccf PMID:19265740 PMCID:PMC5019823
Carlos JA, Bingham TA, Stueve A, Lauby J, Ayala G, Millett GA, et al. The role of peer support on condom use among Black and Latino MSM in three urban areas. AIDS Educ Prev. 2010; https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2010.22.5.430 PMID:20973663
Kimball A, Hatfield KM, Arons M, James A, Taylor J, Spicer K, et al. Asymptomatic and Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Residents of a Long-Term Care Skilled Nursing Facility - King County, Washington, March 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep [Internet]. 3 de abril de 2020;69(13):377-81. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32240128
Li R, Pei S, Chen B, Song Y, Zhang T, Yang W, et al. Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2). Science (80- ) [Internet]. 16 de março de 2020;eabb3221. Available at: https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.abb3221 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb3221 PMID:32179701
Liu X, Zhang S. COVID-19: Face masks and human-to-human transmission. Influenza Other Respi Viruses [Internet]. 29 de março de 2020; Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32223072 https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12740
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendation Regarding the Use of Cloth Face Coverings, Especially in Areas of Significant Community-Based Transmission [Internet]. 2020 [citado 6 de abril de 2020]. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cloth-face-cover.html
Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 Infection with Early Antiretroviral Therapy. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 11 de agosto de 2011;365(6):493-505. Available at: http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMoa1105243
Lightfoot MA, Campbell CK, Moss N, Treves-Kagan S, Agnew E, Kang Dufour M-S, et al. Using a Social Network Strategy to Distribute HIV Self-Test Kits to African American and Latino MSM. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr [Internet]. setembro de 2018;79(1):38-45. Available at: http://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00126334-201809010-00006 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001726 PMID:29771792
Choko AT, Nanfuka M, Birungi J, Taasi G, Kisembo P, Helleringer S. A pilot trial of the peer-based distribution of HIV self-test kits among fishermen in Bulisa, Uganda. Larson BA, organizador. PLoS One [Internet]. 29 de novembro de 2018;13(11):e0208191. Available at: http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208191 PMID:30496260 PMCID:PMC6264512
Cohen J. Mass testing, school closings, lockdowns: Countries pick tactics in 'war' against coronavirus. Science (80- ) [Internet]. 18 de março de 2020; Available at: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/mass-testing-school-closings-lockdowns-countries-pick-tactics-war-against-coronavirus https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb7733
Ford N, Venter F, Irvine C, Beanland RL, Shubber Z. Starter Packs Versus Full Prescription of Antiretroviral Drugs for Postexposure Prophylaxis: A Systematic Review. Clin Infect Dis [Internet]. 1 de junho de 2015;60(suppl 3):S182-6. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/cid/civ093 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ093 PMID:25972501
Beanland RLL, Irvine CMM, Green K. End Users' Views and Preferences on Prescribing and Taking Postexposure Prophylaxis for Prevention of HIV: Methods to Support World Health Organization Guideline Development. Clin Infect Dis [Internet]. 2015/05/15. 1 de junho de 2015;60(suppl_3):S191-5. Available at: http://academic.oup.com/cid/article/60/suppl_3/S191/374114/End-Users-Views-and-Preferences-on-Prescribing-and https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ070 PMID:25972503
Kaplan JE, Dominguez K, Jobarteh K, Spira TJ. Postexposure Prophylaxis Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): New Guidelines From the WHO: A Perspective. Clin Infect Dis [Internet]. 1 de junho de 2015;60(suppl_3):S196-9. Available at: http://academic.oup.com/cid/article/60/suppl_3/S196/374181/Postexposure-Prophylaxis-Against-Human https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ087 PMID:25972504
Fonner VA, Dalglish SL, Kennedy CE, Baggaley R, O'Reilly KR, Koechlin FM, et al. Effectiveness and safety of oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis for all populations. AIDS [Internet]. julho de 2016;30(12):1973-83. Available at: http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?sid=WKPTLP:landingpage&an=00002030-201607310-00014 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001145 PMID:27149090 PMCID:PMC4949005
van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, et al. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 17 de março de 2020;NEJMc2004973. Available at: http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2004973 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.09.20033217 PMCID:PMC7121658
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim Recommendations for U.S. Households with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [Internet]. 2020 [citado 10 de abril de 2020]. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cleaning-disinfection.html
Dieffenbach CW. Universal Voluntary Testing and Treatment for Prevention of HIV Transmission. JAMA [Internet]. 10 de junho de 2009;301(22):2380. Available at: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2009.828 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.828 PMID:19509386
Eisinger RW, Dieffenbach CW, Fauci AS. HIV Viral Load and Transmissibility of HIV Infection: Undetectable Equals Untransmittable. JAMA [Internet]. 5 de fevereiro de 2019;321(5):451-2. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.21167 PMID:30629090
York A. Undetectable equals untransmittable. Nat Rev Microbiol [Internet]. 2019;17(7):399. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0215-4 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0215-4
Eichenberger R, Hegselmann R, Savage D, Stadelmann D, Torgler B. Certified Corona-Immunity as a Resource and Strategy to Cope with Pandemic Costs. Cent Res Econ Manag Arts [Internet]. 2020;(2020-03). Available at: https://www.frankfurt-school.de/en/dam/jcr:a8d60407-eb96-440d-90e4-b24b16ab66ae/Certified Corona-Immunity as a resource and strategy.pdf
Callow KA, Parry HF, Sergeant M, Tyrrell DA. The time course of the immune response to experimental coronavirus infection of man. Epidemiol Infect [Internet]. outubro de 1990;105(2):435-46. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2170159 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268800048019 PMID:2170159 PMCID:PMC2271881
Cao W-C, Liu W, Zhang P-H, Zhang F, Richardus JH. Disappearance of Antibodies to SARS-Associated Coronavirus after Recovery. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 13 de setembro de 2007;357(11):1162-3. Available at: http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMc070348 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc070348 PMID:17855683
Payne DC, Iblan I, Rha B, Alqasrawi S, Haddadin A, Al Nsour M, et al. Persistence of Antibodies against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Emerg Infect Dis [Internet]. 2016;22(10):1824-6. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27332149 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2210.160706 PMID:27332149 PMCID:PMC5038413
Houser K V, Broadbent AJ, Gretebeck L, Vogel L, Lamirande EW, Sutton T, et al. Enhanced inflammation in New Zealand white rabbits when MERS-CoV reinfection occurs in the absence of neutralizing antibody. PLoS Pathog [Internet]. agosto de 2017;13(8):e1006565. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28817732 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006565 PMID:28817732 PMCID:PMC5574614
Gray RH, Wawer MJ. Reassessing the hypothesis on STI control for HIV prevention. Lancet [Internet]. junho de 2008;371(9630):2064-5. Available at: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067360860896X https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60896-X
Hayes R, Watson-Jones D, Celum C, van de Wijgert J, Wasserheit J. Treatment of sexually transmitted infections for HIV prevention: end of the road or new beginning? AIDS [Internet]. outubro de 2010;24(Suppl 4):S15-26. Available at: http://journals.lww.com/00002030-201010004-00003 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000390704.35642.47 PMID:21042049 PMCID:PMC3827743
CDC COVID-19 Response Team. Preliminary Estimates of the Prevalence of Selected Underlying Health Conditions Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 - United States, February 12-March 28, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep [Internet]. 3 de abril de 2020;69(13):382-6. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32240123 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6913e2 PMID:32240123 PMCID:PMC7119513
Cheng H, Wang Y, Wang G-Q. Organ-protective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its effect on the prognosis of COVID-19. J Med Virol [Internet]. 27 de março de 2020; Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32221983 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25785
Madjid M, Safavi-Naeini P, Solomon SD, Vardeny O. Potential Effects of Coronaviruses on the Cardiovascular System: A Review. JAMA Cardiol [Internet]. 27 de março de 2020; Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32219363 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1286 PMID:32219363
Flowers P. Gay Men and HIV/AIDS Risk Management. Heal An Interdiscip J Soc Study Heal Illn Med [Internet]. 24 de janeiro de 2001;5(1):50-75. Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/136345930100500103 https://doi.org/10.1177/136345930100500103
Parsons JT, Schrimshaw EW, Wolitski RJ, Halkitis PN, Purcell DW, Hoff CC, et al. Sexual harm reduction practices of HIV-seropositive gay and bisexual men: serosorting, strategic positioning, and withdrawal before ejaculation. AIDS [Internet]. abril de 2005;19(Supplement 1):S13-25. Available at: http://journals.lww.com/00002030-200504001-00002 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000167348.15750.9a PMID:15838191
Perrusi A, Franch M. CARNE COM CARNE Gestão do risco e HIV/Aids em casais sorodiscordantes no Estado da Paraíba. Rev Ciências Sociais - Política Trab. 2012;2(37):179-200.
Donovan B. The repertoire of human efforts to avoid sexually transmissible diseases: past and present. Part 2: Strategies used during or after sex. Sex Transm Infect [Internet]. 1 de abril de 2000;76(2):88-93. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.76.2.88 PMID:10858708 PMCID:PMC1758293
Mandavilli A. SARS epidemic unmasks age-old quarantine conundrum. Nat Med [Internet]. maio de 2003;9(5):487. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12724741 https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0503-487 PMID:12724741 PMCID:PMC7095793
Wilder-Smith A, Freedman DO. Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. J Travel Med [Internet]. 2020;27(2). Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32052841 https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa020 PMID:32052841 PMCID:PMC7107565
Maier BF, Brockmann D. Effective containment explains subexponential growth in recent confirmed COVID-19 cases in China. Science (80- ) [Internet]. 8 de abril de 2020;eabb4557. Available at: https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.abb4557 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb4557 PMID:32269067
Prem K, Liu Y, Russell TW, Kucharski AJ, Eggo RM, Davies N, et al. The effect of control strategies to reduce social mixing on outcomes of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, China: a modelling study. Lancet Public Heal [Internet]. março de 2020; Available at: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2468266720300736 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.09.20033050
Sanche S, Lin YT, Xu C, Romero-Severson E, Hengartner N, Ke R. High Contagiousness and Rapid Spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Emerg Infect Dis [Internet]. 7 de abril de 2020;26(7). Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32255761 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2607.200282 PMID:32255761
Nelson KM, Pantalone DW, Carey MP. Sexual Health Education for Adolescent Males Who Are Interested in Sex With Males: An Investigation of Experiences, Preferences, and Needs. J Adolesc Heal [Internet]. janeiro de 2019;64(1):36-42. Available at: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1054139X18303057 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.07.015 PMID:30292649
Basthi A, Parker R, Terto Jr. V. Myth vs. Reality: Evaluating the Brazilian Response to HIV in 2016. [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.: ABIA; 2016. Available at: http://gapwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Myth-vs-Reality_BRAZIL-HIV_2006.pdf
Ayres JRCM. Práticas educativas e prevenção de HIV/Aids: lições aprendidas e desafios atuais. Interface-Comunicação, Saúde, Educ. 2002;6:11-24. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1414-32832002000200002
Vermund SH, Van Lith LM, Holtgrave D. Strategic Roles for Health Communication in Combination HIV Prevention and Care Programs. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr [Internet]. agosto de 2014;66:S237-40. Available at: http://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00126334-201408151-00001 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000244 PMID:25007259
Vermund SH, Mallalieu EC, Van Lith LM, Struthers HE. Health Communication and the HIV Continuum of Care. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr [Internet]. janeiro de 2017;74:S1-4. Available at: http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?sid=WKPTLP:landingpage&an=00126334-201701011-00001 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001211 PMID:27930605 PMCID:PMC5147028
Lohiniva A-L, Sane J, Sibenberg K, Puumalainen T, Salminen M. Understanding coronavirus disease (COVID-19) risk perceptions among the public to enhance risk communication efforts: a practical approach for outbreaks, Finland, February 2020. Eurosurveillance [Internet]. 2 de abril de 2020;25(13). Available at: https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.13.2000317 https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.13.2000317 PMID:32265008 PMCID:PMC7140598
Zhu Y, Fu K-W, Grépin KA, Liang H, Fung IC-H. Limited early warnings and public attention to COVID-19 in China, January-February, 2020: a longitudinal cohort of randomly sampled Weibo users. Disaster Med Public Health Prep [Internet]. 3 de abril de 2020;1-9. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32241328 https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.68
World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations. 2014;184. Available at: https://extranet.who.int/rhl/guidelines/consolidated-guidelines-hiv-prevention-diagnosis-treatment-and-care-key-populations
Harcourt C, O'Connor J, Egger S, Fairley CK, Wand H, Chen MY, et al. The decriminalisation of prostitution is associated with better coverage of health promotion programs for sex workers. Aust N Z J Public Health [Internet]. outubro de 2010;34(5):482-6. Available at: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00594.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00594.x PMID:21040176
Laar A, DeBruin D. Key populations and human rights in the context of HIV services rendition in Ghana. BMC Int Health Hum Rights [Internet]. 2 de dezembro de 2017;17(1):20. Available at: http://bmcinthealthhumrights.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12914-017-0129-z https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-017-0129-z PMID:28768541 PMCID:PMC5541754
Pettifor A, MacPhail C, Hughes JP, Selin A, Wang J, Gómez-Olivé FX, et al. The effect of a conditional cash transfer on HIV incidence in young women in rural South Africa (HPTN 068): a phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Heal [Internet]. dezembro de 2016;4(12):e978-88. Available at: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214109X16302534 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30253-4
Dudley JP, Lee NT. Disparities in Age-Specific Morbidity and Mortality from SARS-CoV-2 in China and the Republic of Korea. Clin Infect Dis [Internet]. 31 de março de 2020; Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32232322 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042598
Lloyd-Sherlock P, Ebrahim S, Geffen L, McKee M. Bearing the brunt of covid-19: older people in low and middle income countries. BMJ [Internet]. 2020;368:m1052. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32169830 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1052 PMID:32169830
Gardner W, States D, Bagley N. The Coronavirus and the Risks to the Elderly in Long-Term Care. J Aging Soc Policy [Internet]. 3 de abril de 2020;1-6. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32245346 https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2020.1750543 PMID:32245346
Wolf MS, Serper M, Opsasnick L, O'Conor RM, Curtis LM, Benavente JY, et al. Awareness, Attitudes, and Actions Related to COVID-19 Among Adults With Chronic Conditions at the Onset of the U.S. Outbreak: A Cross-sectional Survey. Ann Intern Med [Internet]. 9 de abril de 2020; Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32271861 https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-1239 PMID:32271861 PMCID:PMC7151355
Ahmed F, Ahmed N, Pissarides C, Stiglitz J. Why inequality could spread COVID-19. Lancet Public Heal [Internet]. abril de 2020; Available at: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2468266720300852 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30085-2
UNAIDS UNP on H. 90-90-90 An ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic. Http://WwwUnaidsOrg/Sites/Default/Files/Media_Asset/90-90-90_En_0Pdf. 2014;
Gourinchas P-O. Flattening the pandemic and recession curves. In: Baldwin R, di Mauro BW, organizadores. Mitigating the COVID Economic Crisis: Act Fast and Do Whatever It Takes [Internet]. London: CEPR Press; 2020. p. 31-9. Available at: https://voxeu.org/content/mitigating-covid-economic-crisis-act-fast-and-do-whatever-it-takes
Baldwin R, di Mauro BW, organizadores. Mitigating the COVID Economic Crisis: Act Fast and Do Whatever It Takes [Internet]. London: CEPR Press; 2020. 219 p. Available at: https://voxeu.org/content/mitigating-covid-economic-crisis-act-fast-and-do-whatever-it-takes
Vekemans J, Snow W, Fast PE, Baggaley R, Chinyenze K, Friede MH, et al. HIV immunoprophylaxis: preparing the pathway from proof of concept to policy decision and use. Lancet HIV [Internet]. fevereiro de 2020;7(2):e141-8. Available at: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352301819302942 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30294-2
Thanh Le T, Andreadakis Z, Kumar A, Gómez Román R, Tollefsen S, Saville M, et al. The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nat Rev Drug Discov [Internet]. 9 de abril de 2020; Available at: http://www.nature.com/articles/d41573-020-00073-5 https://doi.org/10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5 PMID:32273591
Khamsi R. If a coronavirus vaccine arrives, can the world make enough? Nature [Internet]. 9 de abril de 2020; Available at: http://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01063-8 https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01063-8 PMID:32273621
!["The Hammer and The Dance": phases to face COVID-19 pandemic. Adapted from Pueyo T.](https://colombiamedica.univalle.edu.co/colombiamedica311/public/journals/1/article_4276_cover_en_US.jpg)
Copyright (c) 2020 Universidad del Valle
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The copy rights of the articles published in Colombia Médica belong to the Universidad del Valle. The contents of the articles that appear in the Journal are exclusively the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Editorial Committee of the Journal. It is allowed to reproduce the material published in Colombia Médica without prior authorization for non-commercial use