One-minute sit-to-stand test reference values in people living at high altitudes
Main Article Content
Introduction:
The one-minute sit-to-stand test (1min-STST) is a practical assessment tool for measuring functional ability. Reference values are currently unavailable for populations residing at high altitudes.
Aims:
To establish reference values for the 1min-STST in people living at high altitudes by sex and age range. Additionally, we correlate the variables analyzed with the number of repetitions obtained in the tests.
Methods:
Multicenter cross-sectional research was conducted, collecting data from two cities at high altitudes. Healthy adults between 18 and 80 years old were recruited. Anthropometric measurements, physical activity levels, smoking habits, and the number of repetitions during the 1min-STST were recorded. A multiple linear regression was performed to determine the predictive equations by sex. The stepwise method was used to generate the predictive model.
Results:
As many as 400 healthy subjects (58% women) were included. Participants had a median (P25-P75) height of 1.62 (1.56-1.68) cm, a weight of 63.0 (57.8-70.1) kg, and a BMI of 24.2 (22.5-26.0) kg/m2. The predictive equations were: 1minSTSTMen=19.833 - (age* 0.168) + (height * 0.204) - (weight * 0.122); 1minSTSTWomen= 27.845 - (age * 0.198) + (height * 0.145) - (weight* 0.094).
Conclusion:
The reference values for 1min-STST were determined for the healthy population aged 18-80 years living at high altitudes.
- functional capacity
- Reference values
- one-minute sit-to-stand
- Altitude
- Exercise Test
Robinson-Cohen C, Littman AJ, Duncan GE, Roshanravan B, Ikizler TA, Himmelfarb J, et al. Assessment of physical activity in chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr Off J Counc Ren Nutr Natl Kidney Found. 2013; 23(2):123-31. Doi: 10.1053/j.jrn.2012.04.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2012.04.008
Alcazar J, Aagaard P, Haddock B, Kamper RS, Hansen SK, Prescott E, et al. Assessment of functional sit-to-stand muscle power: Cross-sectional trajectories across the lifespan. Exp Gerontol. 2021; 152: 111448. Doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111448 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2021.111448
Liguori G. ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2020.
Tzemah-Shahar R, Hochner H, Iktilat K, Agmon M. What can we learn from physical capacity about biological age? A systematic review. Ageing Res Rev. 2022; 77: 101609. Doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101609 PMid:35306185 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2022.101609
Holland AE, Spruit MA, Troosters T, Puhan MA, Pepin V, Saey D, et al. An official European respiratory society/American thoracic society technical standard: Field walking tests in chronic respiratory disease. Eur Respir J. 2014; 44(6): 1428-46. Doi: 10.1183/09031936.00150314 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00150314
Bohannon RW, Crouch R. 1-Minute Sit-To-Stand Test: systematic review of procedures, performance, and clinimetric properties. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2019; 39(1): 2-8. Doi: 10.1097/HCR.0000000000000336 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/HCR.0000000000000336
Núñez-Cortés R, Rivera-Lillo G, Arias-Campoverde M, Soto-García D, García-Palomera R, Torres-Castro R. Use of sit-to-stand test to assess the physical capacity and exertional desaturation in patients post COVID-19: Chron Respir Dis. 2021; 18: 1479973121999205. Doi: 10.1177/1479973121999205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1479973121999205
Larrateguy S, Vinagre J, Londero F, Dabin J, Ricciardi E, Jeanpaul S, et al. Clinical Variables Related to Functional Capacity and Exertional Desaturation in Patients with COVID-19. Biomedicines. 2023; 11(7): 2051. Doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11072051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11072051
Dalbosco-Salas M, Torres-Castro R, Rojas LA, Morales ZF, Henríquez SE, Espinoza BG, et al. Effectiveness of a Primary Care Telerehabilitation Program for Post-COVID-19 Patients: A Feasibility Study. J Clin Med. 2021; 10(19): 4428. Doi: 10.3390/jcm10194428 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194428
Sisó-Almirall A, Brito-Zerón P, Conangla FL, Kostov B, Moragas MA, Mestres J, et al. Long Covid-19: Proposed primary care clinical guidelines for diagnosis and disease management. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18(8): 4350. Doi: 10.3390/ijerph18084350 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084350
Cruz-Montecinos C, Torres-Castro R, Otto-Yáñez M, Barros-Poblete M, Valencia C, Campos A, et al. Which sit-to-stand test best differentiates functional capacity in older people? Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2024; 103(10): 925-8. Doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000002504 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000002504
Winslow RM. The role of hemoglobin oxygen affinity in oxygen transport at high altitude. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2007; 158(2-3): 121-7. Doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2007.03.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2007.03.011
Murillo-Jáuregui CX, Santos-Martínez LE, López-Mamani JJ, Romero-Pozo MC, Contreras-Tapia IC, Aguilar-Valerio MT. Prueba de caminata de 6 minutos en residentes nativos de gran altitud. Rev Medica Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2023; 61(2): 181-8.
West JB. High-altitude medicine. Lancet Respir Med. 2015; 3(1): 12-3. Doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70238-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70238-3
Faoro V, Deboeck G, Vicenzi M, Gaston AF, Simaga B, Doucende G, et al. Pulmonary vascular function and aerobic exercise capacity at moderate altitude. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017; 49(10): 2131-8. Doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001320 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001320
Martin D, Windsor J. From mountain to bedside: understanding the clinical relevance of human acclimatisation to high-altitude hypoxia. Postgrad Med J. 2008; 84(998): 622-7. Doi: 10.1136/pgmj.2008.068296 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2008.068296
Taylor BJ, Coffman KE, Summerfield DT, Issa AN, Kasak AJ, Johnson BD. Pulmonary capillary reserve and exercise capacity at high altitude in healthy humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016; 116(2): 427-37. Doi: 10.1007/s00421-015-3299-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-015-3299-1
Pavelescu A, Faoro V, Guenard H, de Bisschop C, Martinot JB, Mélot C, et al. Pulmonary vascular reserve and exercise capacity at sea level and at high altitude. High Alt Med Biol. 2013; 14(1): 19-26. Doi: 10.1089/ham.2012.1073 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/ham.2012.1073
Marconi C, Marzorati M, Cerretelli P. Work capacity of permanent residents of high altitude. High Alt Med Biol. 2006; 7(2): 105-15. Doi: 10.1089/ham.2006.7.105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/ham.2006.7.105
Cerretelli P, Marzorati M, Marconi C. Muscle bioenergetics and metabolic control at altitude. High Alt Med Biol. 2009; 10(2): 165-74. Doi: 10.1089/ham.2008.1096 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/ham.2008.1096
Betancourt-Peña J, Ávila-Valencia JC, de Ávila-Quintana L, Tapia-Caez E. Condición clínica y respuesta fisiológica en el test de caminata de los 6 minutos en pacientes con EPOC en diferentes alturas sobre el nivel del mar. Fisioterapia. 2025;47(1):11-9. Doi: 10.1016/j.ft.2024.09.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ft.2024.09.006
González-Andrade F. High altitude as a cause of congenital heart defects: a medical hypothesis rediscovered in Ecuador. High Alt Med Biol. 2020; 21(2): 126-34. Doi: 10.1089/ham.2019.0110 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/ham.2019.0110
von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet. 2007; 370(9596): 1453-7. Doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61602-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61602-X
Royal College of Physicians. Research on healthy volunteers: a report of the Royal College of Physicians. J R Coll Physicians Lond. 1986; 20(4): 3-17.
Doi: 10.1016/S0035-8819(25)02427-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0035-8819(25)02427-4
Ozalevli S, Ozden A, Itil O, Akkoclu A. Comparison of the Sit-to-Stand Test with 6 min walk test in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 2007; 101(2): 286-93. Doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2006.05.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2006.05.007
Vilarinho R, Montes AM, Noites A, Silva F, Melo C. Reference values for the 1-minute sit-to-stand and 5 times sit-to-stand tests to assess functional capacity: a cross-sectional study. Physiotherapy. 2024; 124: 85-92. Doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2024.01.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2024.01.004
Strassmann A, Steurer-Stey C, Lana KD, Zoller M, Turk AJ, Suter P, et al. Population-based reference values for the 1-min sit-to-stand test. Int J Public Health. 2013; 58(6): 949-53. Doi: 10.1007/s00038-013-0504-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-013-0504-z
Otto-Yáñez M, Torres-Castro R, Barros-Poblete M, Barros M, Valencia C, Campos A, et al. One-minute sit-to-stand test: Reference values for the Chilean population. PloS One. 2025; 20(1): e0317594. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0317594 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0317594
Sevillano-Castaño A, Peroy-Badal R, Torres-Castro R, Gimeno-Santos E, García Fernández P, Garcia Vila C, et al. Is there a learning effect on 1-min sit-to-stand test in post-COVID-19 patients? ERJ Open Res. 2022; 8(3): 00189-2022. Doi: 10.1183/23120541.00189-2022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00189-2022
Vaidya T, Chambellan A, de Bisschop C. Sit-to-stand tests for COPD: A literature review. Respir Med. 2017; 128: 70-7. Doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2017.05.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2017.05.003
Johnson MJ, Close L, Gillon SC, Molassiotis A, Lee PH, Farquhar MC, et al. Use of the modified Borg scale and numerical rating scale to measure chronic breathlessness: a pooled data analysis. Eur Respir J. 2016; 47(6): 1861-4. Doi: 10.1183/13993003.02089-2015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02089-2015
Lee PH, Macfarlane DJ, Lam TH, Stewart SM. Validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF): a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011; 8: 115. Doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-8-115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-115
Cole TJ. The LMS method for constructing normalized growth standards. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1990; 44(1): 45-60.
Lippi G, Blanckaert N, Bonini P, Green S, Kitchen S, Palicka V, et al. Causes, consequences, detection, and prevention of identification errors in laboratory diagnostics. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2009;47(2):143-53. Doi: 10.1515/CCLM.2009.045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2009.045
Miller MR, Crapo R, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R, et al. General considerations for lung function testing. Eur Respir J. 2005; 26(1): 153-61 Doi: 10.1183/09031936.05.00034505 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.05.00034505
Furlanetto KC, Correia NS, Mesquita R, Morita AA, do Amaral DP, Mont'Alverne DGB, et al. Reference Values for 7 Different Protocols of Simple Functional Tests: A Multicenter Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2022; 103(1): 20-28.e5. Doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.08.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2021.08.009
Vinueza Veloz AF, Tapia Veloz EC, Tapia Veloz G, Nicolalde Cifuentes M, Carpio-Arias V. Estado nutricional de los adultos ecuatorianos y su distribución según las características sociodemográficas. Estudio transversal. Nutr Hosp. 2023; 40(1): 102-8. Doi: 10.20960/nh.04083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20960/nh.04083
De Mol P, De Vries ST, De Koning EJP, Gans ROB, Bilo HJG, Tack CJ. Physical activity at altitude: challenges for people with diabetes. diabetes care. 2014; 37(8): 2404-13. Doi: 10.2337/dc13-2302 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-2302
Caffrey D, Miranda JJ, Gilman RH, Davila-Roman VG, Cabrera L, Dowling R, et al. A cross-sectional study of differences in 6-min walk distance in healthy adults residing at high altitude versus sea level. Extreme Physiol Med. 2014; 3(1): 3. Doi: 10.1186/2046-7648-3-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-7648-3-3
Mazzuero G, Mazzuero A. Six-minute walking test at high altitude. Wilderness Environ Med. 2011; 22(1): 97-8. doi: 10.1016/j.wem.2010.10.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2010.10.004
Gibson OR, Richardson AJ, Hayes M, Duncan B, Maxwell NS. Prediction of physiological responses and performance at altitude using the 6-minute walk test in normoxia and hypoxia. Wilderness Environ Med. 2015; 26(2): 205-10. Doi: 10.1016/j.wem.2014.11.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2014.11.004
de Bisschop C, Martinot JB, Leurquin-Sterk G, Faoro V, Guénard H, Naeije R. Improvement in lung diffusion by endothelin A receptor blockade at high altitude. J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md 1985. 2012; 112(1): 20-5. Doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00670.2011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00670.2011
Reychler G, Boucard E, Peran L, Pichon R, Le Ber-Moy C, Ouksel H, et al. One minute sit-to-stand test is an alternative to 6MWT to measure functional exercise performance in COPD patients. Clin Respir J. 2018; 12(3): 1247-56. Doi: 10.1111/crj.12658 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/crj.12658
Hardy S, Berardis S, Aubriot AS, Reychler G, Gohy S. One-minute sit-to-stand test is practical to assess and follow the muscle weakness in cystic fibrosis. Respir Res. 2022; 23(1): 266. Doi: 10.1186/s12931-022-02176-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-022-02176-6
Downloads
Accepted 2025-05-07
Published 2025-03-30

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The copy rights of the articles published in Colombia Médica belong to the Universidad del Valle. The contents of the articles that appear in the Journal are exclusively the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Editorial Committee of the Journal. It is allowed to reproduce the material published in Colombia Médica without prior authorization for non-commercial use